Drilling rigs: types of equipment and applications: reference information

Classification by drilling method

Based on this indicator, the following types of drilling rigs for drilling wells are distinguished:

Machines for rotary drilling. The technique makes a hole and destroys the soil with a special tool. It rotates and fits snugly to the bottom. The rock cutting device can be a chisel or a reinforced crown. A similar technique is used for shallow drilling.
Rotary percussion drilling machines. They act on the ground or rock by hitting a tool that is constantly rotating. A rock cutting tool can be a crown or a chisel reinforced with reinforced inserts. A device of this type can be used for making wells up to 2000 meters deep.
Technique for impact drilling. It works on the basis of a falling projectile. Also, blows can be applied to the projectile installed in the face.

The percussion drilling device is used for making wells in loose and soft rocks, in hard soils the system can work no deeper than 100 meters.

Vibratory drilling rigs. The rock cutting device is equipped with a column of drill pipes. Vibration load is transmitted through it. The vibration generator is a surface device, and the main element of the system is a vibration probe. Such machines can only be used when drilling rocks that are subjected to physical compaction.
Technique for fire-jet drilling. The machine destroys the rock and makes a well with the help of high-temperature gas jets. Fiery streams move at the speed of sound and are generated in the bowels of a special burner. Devices of this type are used for soil and rocks with a crystalline base.
Technique for discharge-pulse drilling. The machines act on the ground with electric discharges and can only be used for deep compaction of rocks.

Drilling methods

Types and classification of oil drilling rigs

There are several types of classifications of oil complexes, which are based on an important installation criterion.

Design

According to the design features of the machine differ from each other. This is because a certain type of machine is used only for a narrow type of work. By design, the equipment is:

Mast (the mechanical part is located on two supports).
Tower (has 4 support mechanisms, the load on each of them is distributed evenly).

Tower type construction of the oil industry

As a rule, tower units are large in size, as well as high in productivity.

Movement method

Drilling equipment also differs in the way it is moved. These features are very important for work on different types of terrain. Drilling units according to the criterion of movement are divided:

mobile;
stationary.

Mobile Drilling Rig ZJ-30

Mobile oil drilling rigs are indispensable for reconnaissance activities, as well as for studying the composition of the terrain. With the help of them, specialists take samples for various studies. Stationary models are necessary for the extraction of material.

Location

Mining can be carried out on any terrain, regardless of whether it is a hard surface or a body of water. Based on these criteria, drilling rigs are divided into:

ground;
marine (fixation is carried out on the bottom).

Oil fields can be located anywhere, moreover, its amount does not depend on whether it is on a solid surface or in water. Therefore, machines can pump oil under any conditions.

Offshore oil rigs

Drilling method

To drill wells, various types of drilling are used. Depending on this, oil installations are divided into:

Scheme of the process of drilling a well for oil

Rotary drilling (work is carried out due to the rotational movement of a special structural element of the machine).
Rotary percussion drilling (a certain impact force is used to obtain a well, after which the installation element begins to rotate).
Percussion (drilling is carried out due to the impact of the element on the terrain surface).
Vibration drilling.
Fire drilling.

Recently, a new type of drilling equipment has been developed, with the help of which the formation of a well occurs due to discharge-pulse drilling.

In addition, oil rigs can be powered by an electric, electro-hydraulic or diesel drive.

Division by type of work performed

In accordance with this criterion, well drilling rigs are:

Operational. Machines are used at the stage of exploration of rocks in the field. Their main purpose is to take soil samples to clarify data on geology.
Intelligence. This technique is used to collect soil samples from the field. Based on the results of his research, it is necessary to determine the value of the industrial facility.
For drilling technical wells. Holes are necessary in the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes, for the construction of foundations. They can also be classified as a type of drilling rigs for oil and gas.

Construction of oil drilling rigs

An oil drilling rig includes several systems in its design.

Energy

The engine converts the fuel into the necessary form of energy, with the help of which the electric type generator is powered. He, in turn, carries out the flow of electricity to the rest of the mechanisms and units of the machine.

Mechanical

In this part there is a lifting device that moves heavy items. In addition, the rotor shaft is located in this part of the oil drilling structure.

Auxiliary

The system includes additional equipment, with the help of which there is light, ventilation elements, and the movement of the unit can also be carried out.

Scheme showing the main structural elements of the ventilator

Informational

Implementation of strict control over the operation of all types of units and mechanisms. If there is a problem, an alarm is triggered.

circulation

With the help of this type of system, the chemical solution is promoted into the drill string. Under a certain pressure, it moves through all pipes and enters the rotor barrel.

In addition to the systems that make up oil complexes, the working bodies of the device are distinguished:

Mud circulation system

Drilling tower (supports the drilling machine during work on the ground, lowers and raises the necessary equipment).
High-tech pumps (inject the chemical solution into the system).
Pipeline system (mechanisms and units are connected to each other).
Rotor (implementation of the movement of the drill during work, as well as maintaining the balance of equipment).
Drill (a unit with the help of which the destruction of the rocks of the area where the work is carried out).
Winches (feed the tool to the bottom, ensure the rotation of the rotor).

In addition, the unit contains elements such as preventers, which provide a hermetic fixation of the pipe valves.

A component of any oil system are drilling carriages. They are attachments that are placed on hydraulic excavators. Consisting of undercarriage with crawler motor, there is a mechanism for forward thrust and drilling operation. Carriages are used to strengthen the soil, when working with a pneumatic hammer, as well as for drilling wells for piles.

Drilling carriage Figaro Lafette

By type of drive

Drilling machines are:

Electrical. The operability of the system is ensured by power from an electric generator or an electrical network. Such machines are mainly used for making water wells for individual use.
Electrohydraulic. Machines are used for drilling wells in solid soils. The main working mechanisms are a cone-shaped cylinder and a dielectric holder. The predominant areas of equipment operation are construction, exploration of deposits, and mining.
Diesel-electric. A feature of the machine is the independent operation of the main mechanisms. They are electrically driven.

This technique is capable of drilling wells for production and exploration work.

Diesel. These machines are produced mainly small-sized. They have a high degree of mobility, and their performance is ensured by a powerful diesel engine.

Depending on the type of drilling base

If you already know where you need to drill and what kind of rock prevails there, then it is extremely important to choose the right type of rotator (rotary, spindle and mobile) and the right rock cutting tool. Spindle drilling rigs were produced and operated in large numbers during the Soviet era, but now their popularity is significantly decreasing. The rotary drilling rig will be the ideal type of drilling rig for soft to medium hard rock, both shallow and deep. The movable rotator is the new standard - a unique solution that is optimal for deep and shallow drilling. The diamond or carbide base of the rock cutting tool will allow you to overcome even the strongest rock without any problems.

Classification by mode of movement

Based on this criterion, drilling equipment can be:

Self-propelled. It is equipped with a motor frame and cab. In other words, the installation is based on a heavy-duty vehicle.

Self-propelled drilling rig

Mobile or mobile drilling rig. The modular structure of the installation is provided with an individual mobile base.

Pictured is a mobile drilling rig

Stationary. The block system is equipped with mounting elements and reinforced supports.

Stationary drilling rig

Depending on drilling depth

If you select a drilling rig depending on the drilling depth, then there are several types: for drilling shallow wells (up to 350 meters), medium-depth wells (up to 600 meters) and deep wells (up to 6,000 meters). There are less common ultra-deep drilling rigs (up to 15,000 meters) that are used for unique projects, such as scientific purposes. The most popular is the type of drilling rig with the ability to drill up to 350 meters.

Depending on the type of movement

And, finally, the classification of drilling rigs is divided into stationary, portable and self-propelled. A stationary drilling rig has large dimensions and is mounted on the site where it will be operated, portable rigs are very compact, they can be moved from one place to another even by hand, and self-propelled ones are installed on the chassis of tractors, cars and all-terrain vehicles.

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